The Mount Pinatubo Eruption

In June 1991, the second-largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century* took place on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, a mere 90 kilometers (55 miles) northwest of the capital city Manila. Up to 800 people were killed and 100,000 became homeless following the Mount Pinatubo eruption, which climaxed with nine hours of the  eruption on June 15, 1991. On June 15, millions of tons of sulfur dioxide were discharged into the atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the temperature worldwide over the next few years. The Luzon Arc Mount Pinatubo is part of a chain of composite volcanoes along the Luzon arc on the west coast of the island (area map). The arc of volcanoes is due to the subduction of the Manila trench to the west. The volcano experienced major eruptions approximately 500, 3000, and 5500 years ago. The events of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption began in July 1990, when a magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred 100 kilometers (62 miles) northeast of the Pinatubo region, determined to be a result of the reawakening of Mount Pinatubo. Before the Eruption In mid-March 1991, villagers around Mount Pinatubo began feeling earthquakes and vulcanologists began to study the mountain. (Approximately 30,000 people lived on the flanks of the volcano prior to the disaster.) On April 2, small explosions from vents dusted local villages with ash. The first evacuations of 5,000 people were ordered later that month. Earthquakes and explosions continued. On June 5, a Level 3 alert was issued for two weeks due to the possibility of a major eruption. The extrusion of a lava dome on June 7 led to the issuance of a Level 5 alert on June 9, indicating an eruption in progress. An evacuation area 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) away from the volcano was established and 25,000 people were evacuated. The following day (June 10), Clark Air Base, a U.S. military installation near the volcano, was evacuated. The 18,000 personnel and their families were transported to Subic Bay Naval Station and most were returned to the United States. On June 12, the danger radius was extended to 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) from the volcano resulting in the total evacuation of 58,000 people. The Eruption On June 15, the eruption of Mount Pinatubo began at 1:42 p.m. local time. The eruption lasted for nine hours and caused numerous large earthquakes due to the collapse of the summit of Mount Pinatubo and the creation of a caldera. The caldera reduced the peak from 1745 meters (5725 feet) to 1485 meters (4872 feet) high is 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) in diameter. Unfortunately, at the time of the eruption Tropical Storm Yunya was passing 75 km (47 miles) to the northeast of Mount Pinatubo, causing a large amount of rainfall in the region. The ash that was ejected from the volcano mixed with the water vapor in the air to cause a rainfall of tephra that fell across almost the entire island of Luzon. The greatest thickness of ash deposited 33 centimeters (13 inches) approximately 10.5 km (6.5 mi) southwest of the volcano. There was 10 cm of ash covering an area of 2000 square kilometers (772 square miles). Most of the 200 to 800 people (accounts vary) who died during the eruption died due to the weight of the ash collapsing roofs and killing two occupants. Had Tropical Storm Yunya not been nearby, the death toll from the volcano would have been much lower. In addition to the ash, Mount Pinatubo ejected between 15 and 30 million tons of sulfur dioxide gas. Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere mixes with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to become sulfuric acid, which in turn triggers ozone depletion. Over 90% of the material released from the volcano was ejected during the nine-hour eruption of June 15. The eruption plume of Mount Pinatubos various gasses and ash reached high into the atmosphere within two hours of the eruption, attaining an altitude of 34 km (21 miles) high and over 400 km (250 miles) wide. This eruption was the largest disturbance of the stratosphere since the eruption of Krakatau in 1883 (but ten times larger than Mount St. Helens in 1980). The aerosol cloud spread around the earth in two weeks and covered the planet within a year. During 1992 and 1993, the Ozone hole over Antarctica reached an unprecedented size. The cloud over the earth reduced global temperatures. In 1992 and 1993, the average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere was reduced 0.5 to 0.6 °C and the entire planet was cooled 0.4 to 0.5 °C. The maximum reduction in global temperature occurred in August 1992 with a reduction of 0.73 °C. The eruption is believed to have influenced such events as 1993 floods along the Mississippi River and the drought in the Sahel region of Africa. The United States experienced its third coldest and third wettest summer in 77 years during 1992. The Aftermath Overall, the cooling effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption were greater than those of the El Nià ±o that was taking place at the time or of the greenhouse gas warming of the planet. Remarkable sunrises and sunsets were visible around the globe in the years following the Mount Pinatubo eruption. The human impacts of the disaster are staggering. In addition to the up to 800 people who lost their lives, there was almost one-half of a billion dollars in property and economic damage. The economy of central Luzon was horribly disrupted. In 1991, the volcano destroyed 4,979 homes and damaged another 70,257. The following year 3,281 homes were destroyed and 3,137 were damaged. Damage following the Mount Pinatubo eruption was usually caused by lahars - rain-induced torrents of volcanic debris that killed people and animals and buried homes in the months after the eruption. Additionally, another Mount Pinatubo eruption in August 1992 killed 72 people. The United States military never returned to Clark Air Base, turning over the damaged base to the Philippine government on November 26, 1991. Today, the region continues to rebuild and recover from the disaster.

Essay on Social Networking A Modern Day Freak Show

The carnival grotesque, with its freak shows and abnormal humans, was very popular and controversial back in the late 18th to early 19th century, by then it had matured into a distinct form of entertainment. In the 21st century, has the concept become dated? Has the freak show been revealed for the mistreatment and subjugation of many poor human beings? We live in times where many things that were once discriminated are now accepted and many kinds of people recognized as members of society and although there are instances that would challenge that notion, it is only a minority. This represents the progress mankind has made to understand one another. But has the idea of the freak show been abandoned with this new period? It is unfortunate†¦show more content†¦The social media sites allow us to upload and express our identity. Of course there is debate on insults over Facebook post online, but debaters argue social networking is a new field of communicating there is no social conditioning really to establish how to properly act online compare to how different from how we act in real life. It is also with social media that even when we point out the freak show and in some way degrade the person, it leads to a positive matter. (Observers) For example, the article, â€Å"Serious documentary or freak show† depicts a medical professional journey in observing a clan of deformed natives. The clan was being â€Å"sensationalize† by providing programming and donations to them for animals rights regardless it is a cartoon. However because of this, the clan got money and medical treatment for themselves (Koppel 325). That is an example of exploiting the deformities; it actually helped the clan despite a loss in privacy and dignity. That is true, that social networking has allowed us to communicate with more people. We are social creatures; we enjoy the company of others but are sometimes limited because of distance situations, language barriers, and even failure to understand one another. Social networking is a concept that has received an upgrade along with societ y. These upgrades are sites like Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and etc. They are the new ways we socializeShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Digital Defense1277 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Social Media Digital Defense Social media; a brief history Computer networking was envisioned in the 60’s as a military-centric command and control scheme. In the 70s and 80s as the amount of computers that were being used increased came the idea that connected computers would make a great forum for discussing topics, meeting new people and renewing acquaintances. 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Religion, Acceptance, And Social Change - 1209 Words

Throughout time, the views of homosexuality throughout a country can change. Whether its religion, acceptance, laws, or social change, the views will evolve. Greece serves as an example of a country that was once accepting of homosexuality, but is slowly progressing to not be as accepting. In Ancient Greece, homosexual relationships occurred regularly between an older man, and a younger child. As stated on pbs.org,† Traditionally these relationships involved an older man and a youth and lasted until the youth reached full adulthood. Thereafter this type of relationship was frowned upon because physical love was perceived as always involving one person in a position of submission, something that was unacceptable for a full Greek citizen.† In Ancient Greece, homosexuality wasn’t much of an issue because of gender, it was an issue based on age. The acceptance of homosexuality throughout Ancient Greece has made a sharp turn in modern day Greece. Although there are curr ently no laws against gay marriage, there are no laws that protect homosexuals. For example, households where the main head is a homosexual couple’s do not have the same rights to protection as compared to couples that are heterosexual. Greece has experienced a turning point on their stance regarding homosexuality. A concept that was once highly accepted and viewed as common is now beginning to be looked down upon. Hate crime against homosexuals in Greece has begun to increase. As Fragkiska Megaloudi wrote on theShow MoreRelatedHate Crime Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagessexually identify differently than the average American are viewed as unnatural, resulting in the hate crimes meant to punish the LGBT community. Furthermore, to aid the unjust treatment, others must vocalize their acceptance. For example, activist rallies and marches have inspired change. 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Music Research Project free essay sample

What are the deferent elements of music? It doesnt matter what country or race you belongs to. There must be an appreciation or love for some genre of music. When we listen to our favorite style of music it definitely has some physical and emotional effect on us. But do we take time to identify the deferent components that exist In all the deferent styles of music we listen to? The music we love listening to has special pack of Ingredient which Is referred to as musical elements. Today we will look at some of the main elements of music and what they mean to us as listeners.Some of the main elements of music are rhythm, timbre/ instrumentation, melody, harmony, texture, musical form, genre/style, pitch, tempo and articulation. Rhythm Rhythm Is one of the most important elements of music. According to Roger Kamala in his book, Music: An Appreciation (4th Edition), Rhythm is the flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music. So therefore rhythm is an arrangement of sounds and silences to create specific musical patterns during a particular time or duration. Rhythm also Includes beat, meter, accent, syncopation ND tempo. Timbre/lamentations Timbre (which is pronounced tam-beer) refers to the quality of sound that differentiate one from another. We are able to Identify a trumpet different from a saxophone In music because of the timbre or tone color of the Instrument. Instrumentation includes the wide variety of musical instruments that exist based on an era and culture of the composer. All musical instruments have its purpose and time in music. Some categories of musical instruments are; voice, brass, keyboard, electronic (electroscope), percussion, strings and woodwind. MelodyMelody Is a series of notes that are place at different pitch creating a tune. When you hear a saxophone playing Marry had a Little Lamb you will recognize the song because of the tune or melody. A good melody has a beginning, development and an ending. Some important aspects of melody are tonality (the key of the music), Intervals, phrasing, articulation and cadence. Harmony Harmony refers to harmonic notation that accompanies the melody of a song. For example; when an individual is singing and the piano is playing in the background supporting the soloist, the piano that accompanies the singer is creating harmony.One Interrelated aspect of harmony Is chords. A chord Includes three or more notes playing at the same time. Harmony can be created by other musical instruments even voices. Texture According to Roger Examine in his book, Music: An Appreciation (4th Edition), texture refers to how many deferent layers of sound are heard at once, whether they are melody or harmony, and how they are related to each other. Monophonic, polyphonic and homophobic are three popular textures that can be identified easily in music. Musical Form Most music that we listen to Is designed so that we can Identify the verses and hours.Musical Form Is the way In which a musical piece Is structured or designed. In musical form music can have repetition, contrast and variation. There are different 1 OFF Two Part (Binary) ABA. Genre/Style Genre/Style simply refers to the type of music. The types of music are based on culture and geographical location. Some genres of music are; Hip hop, RB, Souls ballad, Reggae, Rock and Gospel. Dynamics, Pitch, Tempo and Articulation Dynamics, pitch, tempo and articulation can be classified as part of the expressive features in music. Dynamics is how soft or loud the music is. Pitch is the highness and lowness of sound in music.Tempo refers to the speed of the music, how fast or slow the music is been played. Articulation refers to how notes in music are been played. Notes can be played short and detached (staccato) and smooth flowing into each other (legato). Cite: Google. Com. Music Lessons Revealing all the areas in music. Monday, 13 June 2011. Elements of Music. What are the different elements of music?. Web. 1. Microinstructions. Bloodspot. Com/ /elements-in-music-what-are-different. Cached Similar Junk 13, 2011 But do we take time to identify the different components that exist in al of the main elements of music and what they mean to us as listeners.Big 6 Elements of Music The Big 6 Elements of Music Rhythm (Time Signature) the interference of sound against an underlying pulse (background beat) Melody (Key Signature) # = sharp b = flat two or more notes (pitches) arranged in a particular order Roadman (Form, Layout, Architecture) the plan or organization of a piece of music Tempo (Speed) how fast or slow a piece of music is performed Dynamic (Volume) how loud or soft a piece of music is performed Articulation (Emphasis) how each note is performed 1 . Student. Conflict. Rag/groups/destroy/wick/baobab/ Cached Seep 7, 2012 off piece of music. Tempo. (Speed). How fast or slow a piece of music is performed. Dynamic. (Volume). How loud or soft a piece of music is Professor ONCE 1101 9 September 2011 River Flows In You: Hiram River Flows In You by the South Korean composer Hiram is a calming and beautiful contemporary classical melody. The song is presented very simply, a single artist with a piano, but this simplicity effectively reaches the audience and creates for them a mood and background to the song.In essence, this work is a love story that is reinstated into a romantic refrain that combines the use of the senses and dynamics to convey the feeling of the melody. Like many other pieces of classical music, when words are not there to convey emotion the composer wishes the audience to rely on their senses and the feelings that come to when listening to their piece of work. In this piece Yardmans melody taps into the senses by giving images of beauty and safety to the audience.When listening to the melody a warmth is felt throughout the entirety of the piece. This warmth is directly related to the theme of love that most audience members feel. The tune conjures up images that relate to love, whether it be a romance between a woman and a man, a widowed lover remembering a moment with their lost loved one, or a mother for her son. The tune is the exact mixture of love and loss in a set of notes repeated in phrases and can be interpreted into the many different forms of love that a person feels.Because the song is an instrumental piece the listener must use their own lyrics that they feel as well as the composers tools to translate the meaning of the song. In this piece of music Hiram relies heavily on the use of dynamics throughout the work. The calm feeling that settles the audience in the beginning of the song is created by the slow tempo and as the song progresses the tempo then increases to a slight climax before going back to its original pace. This use of dynamics in the tempo sets the mood for the entire song, starting with a calmness that relaxes the listener, then as the tempo.. . Continues] CITE: River Flows in You-Hiram Studded. Com. 10 2012. 2012. 10 2012. Sheet music says mezzo piano. The piece gets louder and louder in a gradual crescendo and then roughly two minutes through (depending on how slowly or quickly you play it) there is a diminuendo, which is emphasized by the change from arpeggios to chords in the bass part. Tempo It starts off quite slowly and then picks up on the second line and continues at that speed until the quavers in the right hand begin giving the piece a slightly faster feel.Then it slows down again and in a similar time frame picks up again until it drops back to a very slow ending. Form After a 4-measure introduction, a theme is presented. This theme is played over a 2-measure station bass, consisting of the chords F# minor, D major, A major, and E major. Texture The texture is maximized and minimized by the bass part. At the more textured parts the bass part plays arpeggios of the chords, and in the more minimal sections the bass part is simply Just the chords. Harmony River Flows In You is in the key of A major.Instruments It was written for the piano but I have found versions of it being played on the acoustic guitar, the violin, the flute and the harp. Mood The mood of the piece is very calm and almost sedative. The chord F# minor is used to give a nice comparison and extenuates the more uplifting parts of the song which use major chords. The differences in dynamics and tempo throughout the piece are quite minimal which I think gives the piece a steady quality. Much like that off lullaby, which is the most definitive element of this piece for me.I often play this piece to calm myself and everyone I have played this for has fed back a similar impression of the piece. [continues] CITE: River Flows in You Analysis studded. Com. 09 2013. 2013. 09 2013 . New Age artist. It is part of his second album First Love which was marketed in 2001. In accordance to this, River Flows is popular for weddings and was also used the pop elm Twilight. Piano, the instrument Hiram first played, is the only instrument used to play the piece. As heard in the recording, River Flows in You, begins with an andante tempo.The tempo gradually heightens up as the song progresses. It gives contrast to the piece that is still light and soft to the ears of listeners. Despite of the varieties in tempo the piece still concludes with andante. The way Hiram ended his piece gives a sense of satisfaction and content to the listener for it made the song sound complete and natural. Every phrase is played in a crescendo- decrescendo way. River Flows in You given variety in tempo and dynamic brings about the theme of the music: romance. The introduction sounds pure and soft, simple yet captivating.Its theme can already be felt and emphasized at the beginning. Its base becomes the heart of the song; every other note revolving around it. The pieces key is in the A Major with a 5/4 time signature. River Flows features finger positions indicated in numbers. In the musical score, the piece uses fermata and grace notes. The positioning of the fermata notes bring about the needed rest or breathing since the piece generally sounds fast-paced. On the other hand, grace notes add interesting resonance in River Flows in You.